Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride on Micro-Tensile Bond Strength of Composite to Dentin on Primary and Permanent Teeth

Aim of the Study: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of silver diamine fluoride on micro-tensile bond strength of composite to dentin and on the bonding mechanism of dentin surface on primary and permanent teeth. Material and methods: This study included two groups: group 1 included twenty-four primary molars and group 2 included twenty-four premolars. Each group was further subdivided equally into sub-group A and sub-group B. Sub-groups A of each group were treated with a self-etch bonding system and 4-mm thick buildups of composite were placed with increments limited to 1 mm. Subgroups B of each group were treated with 38% SDF then treated with the same self-etch bonding system used in sub-group A and composite were placed. After storage in distilled water for 24 hours at 37℃, the restored specimens were sectioned occlusogingivally into serial slabs approximately 1.0 mm thick by a slow-speed water-cooled diamond saw. Each slab was sectioned into composite/tooth structure beams measuring approximately 1.0*1.0 mm in cross-section, the beams were affixed to the test block of a micro-tensile testing machine to record maximum tensile force before failure occurred. One slab from each sub-group was evaluated under a scanning electron microscope and microphotographs were obtained. Results: Results of the study showed non-significant reduction of micro-tensile bond strength in SDF-treated subgroups and showed significant reduction of micro-tensile bond strength in primary molars when compared to premolars. Microphotographs showed significant reduction in numbers and extend of resin tags into dentin surface in SDF-treated samples. Conclusions: 1) SDF has no effect on micro-tensile bond strength of composite to dentin. 2) Micro-tensile bond strength of composite to dentin of premolars is higher than primary molars. 3) SDF has a negative effect on resin tag formation. Key words: silver diamine fluoride, dental caries, micro-tensile bond strength, composite restoration

Public subsidies and the recommendation of child vaccines among primary care physicians : a nationwide cross-sectional study in Japan.

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Theorizing healthy settings: a critical discussion with reference to Healthy Universities

The settings approach appreciates that health determinants operate in settings of everyday life. Whilst subject to conceptual development, we argue that the approach lacks a clear and coherent theoretical framework to steer policy, practice and research. Aims: To identify what theories and conceptual models have been used in relation to the implementation and evaluation of Healthy Universities. Methods: A scoping literature review was undertaken between 2010-2013, identifying 26 papers that met inclusion criteria. Findings: Seven theoretical perspectives or conceptual frameworks were identified: the Ottawa Charter; a socio-ecological approach (which implicitly drew on sociological theories concerning structure and agency); salutogenesis; systems thinking; whole system change; organisational development; and a framework proposed by Dooris. These were used to address interrelated questions on the nature of a setting, how health is created in a setting, why the settings approach is a useful means of promoting health, and how health promotion can be introduced into and embedded within a setting. Conclusion: Although distinctive, the example of Healthy Universities drew on common theoretical perspectives that have infused the settings discourse more generally. This engagement with theory was at times well-developed and at other times a passing reference. The paper concludes by pointing to other theories that offer value to healthy settings practice and research and by arguing that theorisation has a key role to play in understanding the complexity of settings and guiding the planning, implementation and evaluation of programmes

Educating public health physicians for the future: a current perspective from Aotearoa New Zealand

Persisting, and in some cases widening, inequalities in health within and between countries present significant challenges to the focus and practice of contemporary public health, and by association, to public health education. As public health physicians and academic educators of medically- and non-medically trained public health practitioners, we call for a radical re-think of current approaches to public health medicine education and training in order to address these challenges. The public health physicians of the future, we argue, require not merely technical knowledge and skills but also a set of values that underpin a commitment to ethical principles, social equity, human rights, compassionate action, advocacy and leadership. Furthermore, while they will need to have their action firmly grounded in local realities they should think, if not speak and act, from an informed awareness of global issues. Drawing from our experience in Aotearoa New Zealand, as well as with marginalised communities overseas, we proffer our suggestions for the process and content of public health physician education and training for the future, with the intention of stimulating debate

頸動脈硬化病変と生活習慣との関連性について : 過疎化、高齢化率の進んだ一地域、新見市千屋地区住民を対象として

健康長寿、QOLの向上は私たち誰もが持つ願望であり、健康日本21で示すように生活習慣病対策は個々人にとって重要な課題である。岡山県の山間、過疎地域の50歳から70歳の住民80名の希望対象者に頸動脈エコー検査を実施し、同時にライフスタイルチェックを行った。受検者76名(男性22名、女性54名)の平均年齢は男性63.1歳、女性62.2歳であった。男女別のライフスタイルチェックでは、日常生活活動、食生活習慣、休養習慣ともに女性の得点取得率が高く、運動習慣の男女平均取得率は7.5%と最も低かった(有意差なし)。頸動脈エコー検査結果は正常範囲群28名、軽度所見あり群41名、中等度以上の所見あり群7名(うち高血圧治療中3名)であった。頸動脈エコー検査結果からライフスタイルチェックをみると、正常範囲群と比較し中等度以上の所見あり群の平均得点取得率が高かった項目は、日常生活活動、食生活習慣、ライフスタイルチェックの合計点であり、中等度以上の所見あり群の方が生活習慣に関しては普段から十分注意していることが示唆された。Healthy long life and improvement of QOL are everybody\u27s desire. According to Project Healthy Japan 21, precautions against lifestyle-related diseases are important issues for individuals. We carried out carotid artery echo examinations and life style questionnaire to residents, from 50 years to 70 years of age, in a depopulated mountainous area of Okayama Prefecture. The average ages of the 76 examinees (22 males and 54 females) are 63.1 years of age for male and 62.2 for female. In the life style questionnaire to both genders, female examinees scored higher in sections such as daily life activities, dietary habits, and relaxation habits. The average percentage of who has regular exercise is 7.5% in both genders combined (no significant difference between the genders). Regarding the results of carotid artery echo examinations, 28 examinees were in the group of normal range, 41 in the group of minor findings, and 7 in the group of more than medium findings (including 3 persons under hypertension treatment. When we relate the results of carotid artery echo examinations to life style questionnaire, people in the group of more than medium findings score higher in categories of daily life activities, dietary habits and total scores of life style questionnaire. It can be noted that people who are in the group of more than medium findings are careful enough in their daily lives

短大教職員及び市役所事務系職員の仕事のストレス

職場におけるメンタルヘルス対策は重要な課題である。職業性ストレス簡易調査票を用いて短大教職員と事務系職員の職業性ストレスを比較した。対象者は旧A市役所職員300名(男性225名、女性75名)、短大教職員55名(男性21名、女性34名)。平均回収率54.9%。平均年齢は41.8歳(標準偏差±11.5歳)であった。短大教職員は事務系職員と比較し仕事の要求度(仕事の量、スピード、複雑さ)、仕事のコントロール(仕事の裁量権や自由度等)が有意に高かったが、同僚の支援は有意に低かった。上司の支援に有意の差はなかった。また、ストレスの量-コントロール判定図および職場の支援判定図からみた仕事のストレス判定図の結果、事務系職員の総合健康リスクは92.0、短大教職員は87.0であり、全国平均の総合健康リスク100と比較し事務系職員は8.0%、短大教職員は13.0%健康リスクが低くなっていた。Mental health at work has been an important subject. We have examined job stress among junior college staff in comparison with civil servants. Participants: 300 (225 males and 75 females) civil servants in a city government and 55 (21 males and 34 females) junior college staff. The average collection rate is 54.9%. The mean age was 41.84±11.5 years old. The present sample of junior college staff shows meaningfully higher job demands (amount of task, speed and complexity) and task control (discretion and flexibility of task performing) than civil servants. Junior college staff shows significantly lower support rate from their colleagues than civil servants. There is no significant difference on support rate from their bosses. In terms of stress levels which are shown in diagrams of stress measurement combined with diagrams of stress control and support, general health risk level of civil servants is 92.0, while that of junior college staff is 87.0. Compared with national average of general health risk level 100, the level of civil servants is 8.0% lower and that of college staff is 13.0% lower

Obesity prevention and personal responsibility: the case of front-of-pack food labelling in Australia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In Australia, the food industry and public health groups are locked in serious struggle for regulatory influence over the terms of front-of-pack food labelling. Clear, unambiguous labelling of the nutritional content of pre-packaged foods and of standardized food items sold in chain restaurants is consistent with the prevailing philosophy of 'personal responsibility'. An interpretive, front-of-pack labelling scheme has the capacity to encourage healthier patterns of eating, and to be a catalyst for improvements in the nutritional quality of food products through re-formulation. On the other hand, the strength of opposition of the Australian Food and Grocery Council to 'Traffic Light Labelling', and its efforts to promote a non-interpretive, voluntary scheme, invite the interpretation that the food industry is resistant to any reforms that could destabilise current (unhealthy) purchasing patterns and the revenues they represent.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This article argues that although policies that aim to educate consumers about the nutritional content of food are welcome, they are only one part of a broader basket of policies that are needed to make progress on obesity prevention and public health nutrition. However, to the extent that food labelling has the capacity to inform and empower consumers to make healthier choices - and to be a catalyst for improving the nutritional quality of commercial recipes - it has an important role to play. Furthermore, given the dietary impact of meals eaten in fast food and franchise restaurants, interpretive labelling requirements should not be restricted to pre-packaged foods.</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>Food industry resistance to an interpretive food labelling scheme is an important test for government, and a case study of how self-interest prompts industry to promote weaker, voluntary schemes that pre-empt and undermine progressive public health regulation.</p

都市部の妊娠期・出産後の女性の喫煙と食生活および生活習慣との関連

都市部に在住する乳児の母親を対象として,妊娠前後の喫煙の現状と食・生活習慣との関連を明らかにすることを目的に,無記名自記式アンケート調査を実施した。対象は,平成14年11月の1ヶ月間に,京都市内14ヶ所の保健所・支所にて,生後4ヶ月児健診を受診した991名の乳児の母親である。喫煙や食・生活習慣に関する調査紙を手渡し,回答が得られた466名(回収率47.0%)を解析対象とした。その結果,妊娠前喫煙率は28.5%で,年齢が若いほど喫煙率が高かった。妊娠を契機に74.4%が禁煙し,妊娠中喫煙率は7.3%であったが,出産後喫煙率は10.9%に増加していた。喫煙者は非喫煙者と比較して,食・生活習慣,授乳,喫煙に関する知識の欠如などの健康課題を有しており,小児期からの喫煙防止教育等,総合的な保健対策が望まれる

The natural history of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis </i>infection in women:a multi-parameter evidence synthesis

Background and objectives: The evidence base supporting the National Chlamydia Screening Programme, initiated in 2003, has been questioned repeatedly, with little consensus on modelling assumptions, parameter values or evidence sources to be used in cost-effectiveness analyses. The purpose of this project was to assemble all available evidence on the prevalence and incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in the UK and its sequelae, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy (EP) and tubal factor infertility (TFI) to review the evidence base in its entirety, assess its consistency and, if possible, arrive at a coherent set of estimates consistent with all the evidence. Methods: Evidence was identified using ‘high-yield’ strategies. Bayesian Multi-Parameter Evidence Synthesis models were constructed for separate subparts of the clinical and population epidemiology of CT. Where possible, different types of data sources were statistically combined to derive coherent estimates. Where evidence was inconsistent, evidence sources were re-interpreted and new estimates derived on a post-hoc basis. Results: An internally coherent set of estimates was generated, consistent with a multifaceted evidence base, fertility surveys and routine UK statistics on PID and EP. Among the key findings were that the risk of PID (symptomatic or asymptomatic) following an untreated CT infection is 17.1% [95% credible interval (CrI) 6% to 29%] and the risk of salpingitis is 7.3% (95% CrI 2.2% to 14.0%). In women aged 16–24 years, screened at annual intervals, at best, 61% (95% CrI 55% to 67%) of CT-related PID and 22% (95% CrI 7% to 43%) of all PID could be directly prevented. For women aged 16–44 years, the proportions of PID, EP and TFI that are attributable to CT are estimated to be 20% (95% CrI 6% to 38%), 4.9% (95% CrI 1.2% to 12%) and 29% (95% CrI 9% to 56%), respectively. The prevalence of TFI in the UK in women at the end of their reproductive lives is 1.1%: this is consistent with all PID carrying a relatively high risk of reproductive damage, whether diagnosed or not. Every 1000 CT infections in women aged 16–44 years, on average, gives rise to approximately 171 episodes of PID and 73 of salpingitis, 2.0 EPs and 5.1 women with TFI at age 44 years. Conclusions and research recommendations: The study establishes a set of interpretations of the major studies and study designs, under which a coherent set of estimates can be generated. CT is a significant cause of PID and TFI. CT screening is of benefit to the individual, but detection and treatment of incident infection may be more beneficial. Women with lower abdominal pain need better advice on when to seek early medical attention to avoid risk of reproductive damage. The study provides new insights into the reproductive risks of PID and the role of CT. Further research is required on the proportions of PID, EP and TFI attributable to CT to confirm predictions made in this report, and to improve the precision of key estimates. The cost-effectiveness of screening should be re-evaluated using the findings of this report. Funding: The Medical Research Council grant G0801947